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Plus One Accountancy Notes Chapter 2 Theory Base of Accounting-FOCUS AREA 2021

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Kerala Plus One Accountancy English with Malayalam Notes Chapter 2 Theory Base of Accounting Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) à´¸ാà´§ാരണയാà´¯ി à´…ംà´—ീà´•à´°ിà´š്à´š à´…à´•്à´•ൗà´£്à´Ÿിംà´—് തത്വങ്ങൾ (GAAP) It refers to the rules and guidelines adopted for recording and reporting of business transaction, in order to bring uniformity in the preparation and presentation of financial statements. à´¸ാà´®്പത്à´¤ിà´• à´ª്à´°à´¸്à´¤ാവനകൾ തയ്à´¯ാà´±ാà´•്à´•ുà´¨്നതിà´²ും അവതരിà´ª്à´ªിà´•്à´•ുà´¨്നതിà´²ും ആകർഷകത്à´µം à´•ൊà´£്à´Ÿുവരുà´¨്നതിà´¨ാà´¯ി à´¬ിà´¸ിനസ്à´¸് ഇടപാà´Ÿ് à´±െà´•്à´•ോർഡുà´šെà´¯്à´¯ുà´¨്നതിà´¨ും à´±ിà´ª്à´ªോർട്à´Ÿുà´šെà´¯്à´¯ുà´¨്നതിà´¨ുà´®ാà´¯ി à´¸്à´µീà´•à´°ിà´š്à´š à´¨ിയമങ്ങളെà´¯ും à´®ാർഗ്à´—à´¨ിർദ്à´¦േശങ്ങളെà´¯ും ഇത് à´¸ൂà´šിà´ª്à´ªിà´•്à´•ുà´¨്à´¨ു. Basic Accounting Concepts 1. Business/Accounting Entity Concept This concept refers that business unit has a separate entity apart from its owners. Here, we distinguish between the business and its proprietor and his dealings with the business should be regarded as a transaction. Eg: Money contributed by the owner to the business is treated as ‘capital’, withdrawal of money by the...
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Plus One Accountancy Notes Chapter 1 Introduction to Accounting-Focus Area 2021

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Kerala Plus One Accountancy Notes Chapter 1 Introduction to Accounting English with Malayalam Notes Accounting: It is an art of recording, classifying, summarizing, analyzing and interpreting the business transactions and communicating the result to the persons who are interested in such information. à´’à´°ു à´¸്à´¥ാപനത്à´¤ിà´²െ à´¸ാà´®്പത്à´¤ിà´• ഇടപാà´Ÿുà´•à´³െ à´¶ാà´¸്à´¤ീയമാà´¯ി à´°േà´–à´ª്à´ªെà´Ÿുà´¤്à´¤ുà´•à´¯ും, തരംà´¤ിà´°ിà´•്à´•ുà´•à´¯ും à´¬ിà´¸ിനസ്à´¸ിà´¨്à´±െ à´²ാഭനഷ്à´Ÿ കണക്à´•ുà´•à´³ും à´¸ാà´®്പത്à´¤ിà´•à´¸്à´¥ിà´¤ിà´¯ും à´¨ിർണ്ണയിà´•്à´•ുà´•à´¯ും à´…à´µ à´µിശകലനം à´šെà´¯്à´¤് ആവശ്യമാà´¯ à´¤ീà´°ുà´®ാനങ്ങൾ à´•ൈà´•ൊà´³്à´³ുà´•à´¯ും à´šെà´¯്à´¯ുà´¨്à´¨ à´’à´°ു കലയാà´£് à´…à´•്à´•ൗà´£്à´Ÿിംà´—്. Meaning and Definition of Accounting According to the American Institute of Certified public Accountants (AICPA). “Accounting is an art of recording, classifying and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are, in part, at least, of a financial character and interpreting the result there of. à´…à´®േà´°ിà´•്കൻ ഇൻസ്à´±്à´±ിà´±്à´±്à´¯ൂ...
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Kerala Plus One Business Studies Notes Chapter 10 INTERNAL TRADE_FOCUS POINTS_2021

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Micro Notes: Internal Trade | +1 Business Studies 📘 Chapter 10: INTERNAL TRADE | ആഭ്യന്തര à´µ്à´¯ാà´ªാà´°ം 🔹 Meaning of Internal Trade | ആഭ്യന്തര à´µ്à´¯ാà´ªാà´°ം - അർത്à´¥ം Buying and selling of goods and services within the boundaries of a nation. à´°ാà´œ്യത്à´¤ിà´¨്à´±െ à´…à´¤ിർത്à´¤ിà´•്à´•ുà´³്à´³ിൽ à´¸ാധനങ്ങളുà´Ÿെà´¯ും à´¸േവനങ്ങളുà´Ÿെà´¯ും à´µാà´™്ങലും à´µിൽപ്പനയും. No custom duty or import duty levied. à´•à´¸്à´±്à´±ംà´¸് à´¤ീà´°ുവയോ ഇറക്à´•ുമതി à´¤ീà´°ുവയോ ഈടാà´•്à´•ിà´²്à´². Two categories: (i) Wholesale trade (ii) Retail trade. à´°à´£്à´Ÿ് à´µിà´­ാà´—à´™്ങൾ: (i) à´®ൊà´¤്à´¤ à´µ്à´¯ാà´ªാà´°ം (ii) à´šിà´²്ലറ à´µ്à´¯ാà´ªാà´°ം. 🔹 Wholesale Trade | à´®ൊà´¤്à´¤ à´µ്à´¯ാà´ªാà´°ം Buying and selling in large quantities for resale or intermediate use. വൻതോà´¤ിൽ à´µാà´™്à´™ുà´•à´¯ും à´µിൽക്à´•ുà´•à´¯ും à´šെà´¯്à´¯ുà´•, à´ªുനർവിൽപ്പനയ്à´•്à´•ോ ഇടനിà´² ഉപയോà´—à´¤്à´¤ിà´¨ോ à´µേà´£്à´Ÿി. Services of Wholesalers | à´®ൊà´¤്തക്à´•à´š്ചവടക്à´•ാà´°ുà´Ÿെ à´¸േവനങ്ങൾ To Manufacturers | à´¨ിർമ്à´®ാà´¤ാà´•്കൾക്à´•് Facilitating large scale production വൻതോà´¤ിà´²ുà´³്à´³ ഉൽപാദനം à´¸ാà´§്യമാà´•്à´•ുà´¨്à´¨ു Bearing risk (price fall, theft, s...
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Plus One Business Studies Notes Chapter 8 Sources of Business Finance-FOUCS AREA 2021

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Micro Notes: Sources of Business Finance | +1 Business Studies 📘 Chapter 8: SOURCES OF BUSINESS FINANCE | à´¬ിà´¸ിനസ് à´«ിà´¨ാൻസിà´¨്à´±െ à´¸്à´°ോതസ്à´¸ുകൾ 🔹 Business Finance – Meaning | à´¬ിà´¸ിനസ് à´«ിà´¨ാൻസ് – അർത്à´¥ം Money required for carrying out business activities. Called the life blood of business. à´¬ിà´¸ിനസ് à´ª്രവർത്തനങ്ങൾക്à´•് ആവശ്യമാà´¯ പണം. à´¬ിà´¸ിനസിà´¨്à´±െ à´œീവരക്à´¤ം à´Žà´¨്à´¨് à´µിà´³ിà´•്à´•ുà´¨്à´¨ു. Types of financial needs | à´¸ാà´®്പത്à´¤ിà´• ആവശ്യങ്ങളുà´Ÿെ തരങ്ങൾ Fixed capital requirements: For long-term assets (land, building, machinery). à´¸്à´¥ിà´° à´®ൂലധന ആവശ്യങ്ങൾ: à´¦ീർഘകാà´² ആസ്à´¤ികൾക്à´•ാà´¯ി. Working capital requirements: For day-to-day operations (raw materials, salaries). വർക്à´•ിംà´—് à´•ാà´ª്à´ªിà´±്റൽ: à´¦ൈà´¨ംà´¦ിà´¨ à´ª്രവർത്തനങ്ങൾക്à´•്. 🔹 Classification of Sources of Funds | à´«à´£്à´Ÿുà´•à´³ുà´Ÿെ à´¸്à´°ോതസ്à´¸ുà´•à´³ുà´Ÿെ വർഗ്à´—ീà´•à´°à´£ം 1. Period basis | à´•ാà´²ാà´Ÿിà´¸്à´¥ാനത്à´¤ിൽ Long-term (≥5 yrs): Shares, debentures, loans from financial institutions. à´¦ീർഘകാà´²: à´·െയറുകൾ, à´¡ിബഞ്à´šà´±ുകൾ...
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Plus One Business Studies Notes Chapter 7 Formation of a Company-FOCUS AREA 2021

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Kerala Plus One Business Studies Notes Chapter 7 FOCUS AREA ONLY Formation of a Company   à´’à´°ു à´•à´®്പനിà´¯ുà´Ÿെ à´°ൂà´ªീà´•à´°à´£ം Formation of a company is a very time consuming, lengthy and complex process. It involves a lot of formalities and legal procedures. The steps involved in the formation of a company are: à´’à´°ു à´•à´®്പനിà´¯ുà´Ÿെ à´°ൂà´ªീà´•à´°à´£ം വളരെ സമയമെà´Ÿുà´•്à´•ുà´¨്നതും à´¦ൈർഘ്യമേà´±ിയതും സങ്à´•ീർണ്ണവുà´®ാà´¯ à´ª്à´°à´•്à´°ിയയാà´£്. à´…à´¤ിൽ à´§ാà´°ാà´³ം ഔപചാà´°ികതകളും à´¨ിയമപരമാà´¯ നടപടിà´•്രമങ്ങളും ഉൾപ്à´ªെà´Ÿുà´¨്à´¨ു. à´’à´°ു à´•à´®്പനിà´¯ുà´Ÿെ à´°ൂà´ªീകരണവുà´®ാà´¯ി ബന്ധപ്à´ªെà´Ÿ്à´Ÿ ഘട്à´Ÿà´™്ങൾ ഇവയാà´£്: I. Promotion à´ª്à´°à´®ോഷൻ II. Incorporation ഇൻകോà´°്പറേഷൻ  III. Capital subscription à´•ാà´ª്à´ªിà´±്റൽ സബ്à´¸്à´•്à´°ിà´ª്ഷൻ IV. Commencement of business à´¬ിà´¸ിനസ്à´¸് ആരംà´­ിà´•്കൽ A private company has to complete only the first two stages, while a public company must undergo all the stages. à´’à´°ു à´¸്വകാà´°്à´¯ à´•à´®്പനി ആദ്à´¯ à´°à´£്à´Ÿ് ഘട്à´Ÿà´™്ങൾ à´®ാà´¤്à´°à´®േ à´ªൂർത്à´¤ിà´¯ാà´•്à´•ാà´µൂ, à´’à´°ു à´ªൊà´¤ു à´•à´®്പനി à´Žà´²്à´²ാ ഘട്à´Ÿà´™്ങൾക്à´•ും à´µിà´§േയമാà´¯ിà´°ിà´•്à´•à´£ം. I. Promotion  à´ª്à´°à´®ോഷൻ Promotion is the...
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Kerala Plus One Business Studies Notes Chapter 6 Social Responsibilities of Business and Business Ethics-

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Micro Notes: Social Responsibility of Business & Business Ethics | +1 Business Studies 📘 Chapter 6: SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF BUSINESS & BUSINESS ETHICS | à´¬ിà´¸ിനസിà´¨്à´±െ à´¸ാà´®ൂà´¹ിà´• ഉത്തരവാà´¦ിà´¤്തങ്ങളും à´¬ിà´¸ിനസ് à´¨ൈà´¤ികതയും 🔹 Concept of Social Responsibility | à´¸ാà´®ൂà´¹ിà´• ഉത്തരവാà´¦ിà´¤്à´¤ം ആശയം Obligation of business to take decisions and actions desirable in terms of society's objectives and values. സമൂഹത്à´¤ിà´¨്à´±െ ലക്à´·്യങ്ങൾക്à´•ും à´®ൂà´²്യങ്ങൾക്à´•ും à´…à´¨ുà´•ൂലമാà´¯ à´¤ീà´°ുà´®ാനങ്ങളും à´ª്രവർത്തനങ്ങളും à´Žà´Ÿുà´•്à´•ാà´¨ുà´³്à´³ à´¬ിà´¸ിനസിà´¨്à´±െ à´¬ാà´§്യത. Broader than legal responsibility – includes voluntary actions for social benefit. à´¨ിയമപരമാà´¯ à´¬ാà´§്യതയേà´•്à´•ാൾ à´µിà´¶ാലമാà´£് – à´¸ാà´®ൂà´¹ിà´• നന്മയ്à´•്à´•ാà´¯ുà´³്à´³ à´¸്വമേധയാ ഉള്à´³ à´ª്രവർത്തനങ്ങൾ ഉൾപ്à´ªെà´Ÿുà´¨്à´¨ു. 🔹 Need for Social Responsibility | ആവശ്യകത Arguments FOR | à´…à´¨ുà´•ൂà´² à´µാദങ്ങൾ Justification for existence & growth à´¨ിലനിൽപ്à´ªിà´¨ും വളർച്à´šà´¯്à´•്à´•ും à´¨്à´¯ാà´¯ീà´•à´°à´£ം Long-term interest of firm à´¸്à´¥ാപനത്à´¤ിà´¨്à´±െ à´¦ീർഘകാà´² à´¤ാൽപ്പര്à´¯ം...
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Plus One Business Studies Notes Chapter 5 Emerging Modes of Business-FOCUS AREA 2021

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Micro Notes: Emerging Modes of Business | +1 Business Studies 📘 Chapter 5: EMERGING MODES OF BUSINESS | ഉയർന്à´¨ുവരുà´¨്à´¨ à´¬ിà´¸ിനസ് à´°ീà´¤ികൾ 🔹 Definition | à´¨ിർവചനം e-Business: Conduct of industry, trade and commerce using computer networks. à´•à´®്à´ª്à´¯ൂà´Ÿ്ടർ à´¶ൃംഖലകൾ ഉപയോà´—ിà´š്à´šുà´³്à´³ à´µ്യവസാà´¯ം, à´µ്à´¯ാà´ªാà´°ം, à´µാà´£ിà´œ്à´¯ം à´Žà´¨്à´¨ിവയുà´Ÿെ നടത്à´¤ിà´ª്à´ª്. e-Commerce: Subset of e-business; firm’s interactions with customers and suppliers over the internet. à´‡-à´¬ിà´¸ിനസിà´¨്à´±െ à´­ാà´—ം; ഉപഭോà´•്à´¤ാà´•്à´•à´³ുà´®ാà´¯ും à´µിതരണക്à´•ാà´°ുà´®ാà´¯ും ഇന്റർനെà´±്à´±് വഴിà´¯ുà´³്à´³ ഇടപെà´Ÿà´²ുകൾ. 🔹 Scope of e-Business | à´µ്à´¯ാà´ª്à´¤ി B2B (Business to Business): Transactions between businesses. à´¬ിà´¸ിനസുകൾ തമ്à´®ിà´²ുà´³്à´³ ഇടപാà´Ÿുകൾ. B2C (Business to Consumer): Firm to customer transactions. à´¸്à´¥ാപനവും ഉപഭോà´•്à´¤ാà´µും തമ്à´®ിൽ. Intra-B Commerce: Internal interactions among departments/employees. ആന്തരിà´• വകുà´ª്à´ªുകൾ/à´œീവനക്à´•ാർ തമ്à´®ിà´²ുà´³്à´³ ഇടപെà´Ÿà´²ുകൾ. C2C (Consumer to Consumer): Transactions be...
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